Often it is desirable to not fall pregnant, but the range of contraception options can seem bewildering. Simplistically, the options can be divided into hormonal and non-hormonal.

Hormonal methods

These use similar hormones to those produced naturally as part of the menstrual cycle. Some contain oestrogen and progesterone, such as combined oral contraceptives (COC; often known as the pill), vaginal rings and patches placed on the skin. Others contain just progesterone, including the progesterone-only pill (POP; often known as the mini pill), intrauterine system (IUS), contraceptive implant and contraceptive injection.

Non-hormonal methods

These include internal and external condoms and diaphragms, all of which provide a barrier to prevent sperm reaching the egg; the intrauterine device (IUD); and fertility awareness methods each rely on the woman tracking and identifying the signs of ovulation so she can avoid sex at her most fertile time. Sterilisation is also regarded as a non-hormonal contraceptive method.

An individual decision

Each method has its advantages and disadvantages – for example, condoms help protect against STIs, but have to be remembered every time someone has sex. An IUS can be forgotten about for a few years once it is fitted, but still leaves the woman vulnerable to STIs. Therefore, it is a very individual decision, and one that may change over the years. There can be other considerations too: health conditions, medication, relationship status, desire for children in the future and countless others all need factoring in.

Emergency contraception

These should be used as the name suggests, for instance if a condom splits, and not as a regular method of contraception. Again, there are hormonal and non-hormonal forms: the former is available in tablet form so is very convenient, but the latter, which is the fitting of an IUD, is more effective and provides contraception on an ongoing basis afterwards. There are time limits on how long after sex emergency contraception can be used.