Osteoarthritis 

This is the most common type of arthritis, affecting nearly nine million people in the UK. Because osteoarthritis (OA) is more common in older people, it is sometimes referred to as “wear and tear”, but this isn’t accurate. Minor injuries – the bumps and knocks of everyday life – cause fluid to accumulate in joints, and this includes chemicals that can thin and break down the cartilage. The area may become stiff, painful and difficult to move. Over time, bony growths may also develop. The most commonly affected joints are those in the hands, spine, knees and hips. There are several risk factors for OA, including being overweight, genetics and being female.

Osteoarthritis cannot be cured, so management is focused on reducing the strain placed on joints through everyday activities, such as losing weight if needed, exercising to strengthen muscles, and relieving symptoms – for example, by using painkillers such as paracetamol, NSAIDs or opioids.

Supportive treatments may also be used, such as physiotherapy, hot and cold packs or assistive devices such as orthotic insoles for shoes, walking aids and home aids including tap turners. 

Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) may also help. This is a therapy that sends electrical impulses through electrodes attached to the skin, which can numb the nerve endings that have a role in pain. Sometimes surgery is needed.