Narcolepsy

Narcolepsy is characterised by excessive daytime sleepiness, with episodes sometimes building over a few minutes. Others may experience “sleep attacks”, during which they transition from being awake to asleep with no warning. Other symptoms of this relatively rare condition may include sudden loss of muscle tone triggered by intense emotions such as laughter (cataplexy), sleep paralysis, hallucinations, vivid dreams and poor memory. 

Narcolepsy is considered a spectrum neurological disorder, and hence can be difficult to diagnose. There is no cure, but medication (most commonly stimulants such as methylphenidate, modafinil and pitolisant, all under specialist initiation) and lifestyle changes (including sleep hygiene measures and planned naps) can make the condition feel more manageable. Resources are available from Narcolepsy UK.

Sleepwalking and night terrors

Sleepwalking and night terrors are more common in children than adults. Most sufferers will have no recollection of the incident the next morning, despite appearing awake at the time. 

If sleepwalking occurs, the person should be guided back to bed. Managing hazards such as locking doors and windows, and putting away knives and tools is a sensible precaution.

Nightmares are relatively common, but tend only to be an issue if they happen regularly. If they are a response to a distressing event, such as an accident, violent incident or death, counselling may be helpful. 

The NHS has guidance on what to do about sleepwalking, night terrors and nightmares, including when each warrants a medical attention.