Tooth decay

When bacteria on the teeth build up, plaque develops. Plaque is a soft, sticky substance that forms a film on teeth. If plaque is not removed regularly by brushing, it hardens to form tartar, which encourages more bacteria and can only be removed by a dentist. Tooth decay occurs when acid produced by the bacteria starts to break down the hard coating of the tooth (the enamel), causing holes to appear. Inflammation occurs inside the tooth, which can lead to an abscess. The risk of tooth decay can be lessened by brushing with a fluoride toothpaste twice a day.

Customers should also be advised to avoid sugary foods and drinks, as bacteria react with sugars to produce harmful acids. Regular dental cleaning by a dentist or hygienist helps to remove the build up of tartar.

Gum disease

Periodontal disease (gum disease) is an inflammation of the gums, which normally occurs as a result of poor oral hygiene. Gum disease can be categorised into two different stages, according to its severity €“ gingivitis and periodontitis:

Gingivitis is the earlier stage of gum disease and is usually caused by a build up of plaque around the teeth. A classic sign is when gums bleed during brushing

Periodontitis is more serious and results from gingivitis being left untreated. It leads to inflammation of the tissues that join the gum and tooth and can even affect the jawbone. Symptoms include swollen, bleeding gums (similar to gingivitis) and pockets between the teeth and gums that may produce pus. If left untreated, affected teeth become loose and eventually fall out.

Both conditions can cause bad breath (halitosis).

The likelihood of developing gum disease can be reduced by removing plaque from the teeth with regular brushing and flossing. Some toothpastes and mouthwashes contain an antibacterial ingredient that helps reduce bacterial growth.