Back pain

In the UK, back pain is the most common cause of absence from work. It can affect people of any age, but is most often seen in those aged between 35 and 55.

There are a number of different causes of back pain, including driving and sitting in front of a computer for long periods of time, lifting or carrying heavy items, and bending awkwardly. Being pregnant or overweight can also put a strain on the back, resulting in discomfort or pain.

There are two main types of back pain: lumbago and sciatica. Lumbago affects the muscles, resulting in pain across the lower back, which can radiate to the buttocks, groin and thighs. Lumbago may also cause stiffness and muscle spasms. Sciatica occurs when the sciatic nerve, which runs from the back of the pelvis through the buttocks and all the way down both legs, is irritated or compressed. As a result, symptoms, including pain and a tingling sensation, can be felt from the back to the feet.

Sprains and strains

A sprain involves an injury to a ligament that supports a joint, such as the knee or ankle, and is often caused by severe overstretching or twisting. Symptoms include bruising, swelling and an inability to move the joint.

A strain is an injury to the muscles or tendons that move the bones of a joint. It normally occurs as a result of sudden force or overstretching a muscle. Symptoms include tenderness and swelling.

Rheumatism and arthritis

Rheumatism is a term used to describe aches and pains that affect the muscles and joints.

Arthritis means inflammation of the joints and is characterised by swelling, pain, warmth and redness of the overlying skin.

There are different forms of arthritis, including osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although most involve a variety of treatments, some people find relief with topical products. In the case of OA, NICE guidance recommends that topical non-steroidal antiinflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) should be considered before oral NSAIDs.