OTC oral analgesics may contain paracetamol and/or non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). Stronger opioid painkillers may also be included in combination products. Topical pain relief is discussed in another module.

Self care tips

• Locate the source of the pain and treat underlying problems
• Muscle and joint pain can be relieved by rubbing or applying a hot or cold compress
• A hot bath or compress may ease backache and period pain
• Everyday activities like walking and swimming can help to ease pain if they are introduced gradually
• During intense pain, deep breathing can help to relax muscle tension and ease any anxiety
• Sleep depravation can worsen pain, so keep to a regular sleep routine.

Paracetamol

Paracetamol is an effective painkiller which also reduces fever. It works by inhibiting the production of prostaglandins in the brain. It does not reduce inflammation or swelling, but is gentler on the stomach than aspirin and ibuprofen. Side effects are rare, but customers should be warned about the maximum daily dose because taking too much can cause liver damage.

The maximum daily dose for adults is two 500mg tablets four times a day. It is important to make customers aware of this and remind them that paracetamol can also be found in other products, such as cold and flu treatments.

Paracetamol liquid is suitable for children from three months for fever and pain and from two months of age for postimmunisation symptoms. Examples: Panadol Advance, Anadin Paracetamol, Calpol.