There are a number of problems that can affect the mouth, but most can be relieved with over-the-counter treatments and good advice

Mouth ulcers

Problem: Mouth ulcers are very common, particularly in women and young adults, and most people will have one or two a year. Recurrent mouth ulcers affect around one in every five people in the UK.

Symptoms: Ulcers appear inside the cheek, on the gums, tongue or roof of the mouth, often as pale yellow swellings with an inflamed surrounding area. Large ulcers can be very painful and can make eating difficult.

Causes: A traumatic ulcer is caused by direct damage from biting or irritation – for example, from a sharp denture. The exact cause of recurrent mouth ulcers is unknown, but they may be linked to genetics, stress, food sensitivity or vitamin deficiency. Some women also find them to be linked to their menstrual cycle. In more serious cases, they can be a sign of an iron or B12 deficiency, coeliac or Crohn’s disease, arthritis or an immune deficiency disease.

Treatment: Most ulcers heal within 10-14 days. A corticosteroid spray or mouthwash can reduce inflammation, while an antimicrobial mouthwash such as chlorhexidine can help to speed up healing and kill bacteria that could infect the ulcer. Benzydamine helps to relieve pain and is available as a mouthwash, spray, lozenge or gel. Topical anaesthetics such as lidocaine and pain-relieving gels containing choline salicylate are also effective.

Cold sores

Problem: Cold sores are usually caused by the herpes simplex type 1 virus, which is often passed on during childhood. They typically occur around the mouth.

Symptoms: Initially a tingling, burning sensation followed by small fluid-filled sores.

Causes: The virus lies dormant until triggered by factors including stress, tiredness, injury to the area, menstruation or strong sunlight.

Treatment: They usually clear up by themselves within seven to 10 days. However, an antiviral cream containing aciclovir or penciclovir can stop the virus from multiplying and can speed up healing if used early enough. It should be applied at the tingling stage of a cold sore and used for four to five days. A hydrocolloid gel patch can also help to heal and protect the sore.

Sensitive teeth

Problem: A common ailment that typically affects those aged 20-40. Occurs as part of the tooth under the enamel becomes exposed, often at the base where it meets the gum.

Symptoms: Can range from mild discomfort when eating or drinking something cold to a sharp pain.

Causes: Mainly toothbrush abrasion, dental erosion, gum recession and gum disease.

Treatment: Using a softer toothbrush and sensitive toothpaste twice daily – warn customers that it can take up to several weeks to have an effect. Avoiding cold, hot, sweet or acidic drinks may also help.

Tooth staining

Problem: Appears unsightly and can affect a person’s confidence.

Symptoms: Usually brown, grey or yellow coloured stains on the surface of the teeth.

Causes: Partly due to ageing, but foods with strong colours like tea, coffee, red wine and blackcurrant juice can stain teeth. Smoking, certain antibiotics and poor oral hygiene can also cause discolouration.

Treatment: Brush teeth twice daily with an electric toothbrush and whitening toothpaste to get rid of stains and plaque. For more severe discolouration, customers should see a dentist for advice on whitening treatments, which can be done at home or by a dentist.

Bad breath

Problem: Bad breath is a common worry that can affect anyone at any age. Around one in four people suffer on a regular basis.

Symptoms: An unpleasant smelling gas may be released from the mouth. Other common smells include stale smoke, coffee, alcohol and strong foods such as onions, garlic and fish.

Causes: Bad breath is usually the result of poor oral hygiene, as gases are released from the film of bacteria on the teeth and gums. However, smoking, infection, gum disease, eating strong smelling foods, having dry mouth, and certain stomach conditions and medicines can also have an impact. 

Treatment: Regular and correct brushing of teeth, as well as using an interdental brush or floss will both treat and prevent bad breath. Using a tongue cleaner and an anti-bacterial mouthwash can also help.

Dry mouth

Problem: The flow of saliva through the mouth is reduced, causing bacteria to build up.

Symptoms: Discomfort and difficulty swallowing.

Causes: Occurs as a side-effect of certain medicines, radiotherapy and breathing through the mouth. It is also more common in old age.

Treatment: A gel or spray that mimics salvia can be effective. Chewing gum and frequently sipping water can also stimulate the production of saliva.